Red-shanked Douc
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[Photo] Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus). Deutsch: Rotschenkel-Kleideraffe (Pygathrix nemaeus) im K??lner Zoo. English: Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus), Cologne Zoological Garden. Source Selbst fotografiert von Wilfried Berns mit einer Nikon Coolpix 5700. Author Wilfried Berns / www.Tiermotive.de

The Red-shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus) is a species of Old World monkey and probably the most colourful of mammals. This colourful and attractive primate is sometimes called the "costumed ape" for its extravagant appearance. This colourful monkey looks like a little Buddha, wearing a gray shirt and black shorts. It sports maroon-red stockings (from knee to ankle) and white forearm length gloves. Its attire is finished with black hands and feet. The golden face is framed by a white ruff, which is considerably fluffier in males. The eyelids are a soft powder blue. The tail is white with a triangle of white hair at the base, males of all ages have a white spot on both sides of the corners of the rump patch, females don't have these. Males have red and white genitals.

The word ‘douc’ (pronounced ‘dook’) is an ancient name of Vietnamese origin. The douc is an arboreal and diurnal monkey, eating and sleeping in the trees of the forest.

Habitat
All doucs are native to Southeast Asia, specifically the countries Cambodia, China, Laos and Vietnam. The Red-shanked Douc is thought to be only found in north and central Vietnam and Laos. Before 1967, the douc was completely unstudied. Doucs are found in a variety of habitats: from lowland to mountainous terrain up to 2,000 m (6,600 feet), deciduous, primary and secondary rainforests, in the mid to upper levels of the canopy.

Size
Like other doucs, the Red-shanked Douc is a long slender monkey. They are 61-76 cm tall, tail 56-76 cm long, with males slightly larger than females. Males weigh up to 7 kg (15 pounds), females up to 5 kg (11 pounds). No colour differences between genders (except for the rump spots).

Life history
Doucs are, like all monkeys, social animals and they live in groups, with an average size of 4 to 15, but groups of up to 50 have been recorded. A group usually consists of 1 or more males and approximately 2 females per male. Both males and females have their own hierarchies and males are dominant to females. Both males and females leave the group they were born in, their natal group.

Like all other Old World monkeys, its tail is not prehensile. It uses its tail solely for balance, and uses its arms and legs to move through the forest, along established routes. When on the move, the group is led by adult males, the juvenile males bringing up the rear and the females and infants safe in the middle. This douc is an aerial specialist, high up in the canopy. It is very agile and frequently makes breath-taking leaps of up to 6 m (20 feet), leaping with its arms outstretched over its head, pushing off with its legs and landing on two feet first.

When the group is untroubled, the Red-Shanded Douc will move noisily from branch to branch, through the trees, crashing through foliage, swinging under branches and leaping with two feet together, displaying its remarkable sense of balance. But when a group is disturbed, by either a predator or other dangers, it can flee soundlessly through the trees, away from danger. If it gets startled, it can give loud barks and rush around the trees slapping branches with its hands and feet. In contrast to how loud it can be when traveling, most of the time it is rather quiet, eating, digesting its bulky food, dozing and quietly grooming each other's fur.

This monkey communicates by facial expressions. It has a specific play face with the mouth open, teeth partially bared and chin thrust forward. Sometimes, it closes its eyes and paws blindly towards one another with remarkable disregard for the hazards of doing this when up a tree. Its fixed stare is a threat display. A grimace with the mouth open and the teeth exposed is a submissive gesture given in response to a stare. It is also used to initiate grooming or play. The Red-shanked Douc has a low-pitched growl that is given as a threat, and a short, harsh distress squeal.

This douc has been rarely observed in the wild and very little is known about its wild mating and breeding habits. Before mating, both genders give a sexual signal with the jaw forward, eyebrows raised and then lowered, and a head-shake. The female makes the first move, lying face-down on a branch, eyeing her chosen mate by looking over her shoulder. The male returns with a stare and may turn to look at another spot he considers more suitable for mating. Single-mount and multiple-mount matings have been reported.

Mating takes place from August to December. The pregnancy lasts 165 to 190 days resulting in the birth of a single offspring just before fruiting season of some favorite foods, twins are very rare. The young are born with their eyes wide open and they cling to their mothers instinctively. Its body colouration is lighter than an adult's. Its short, downy grey hair has a dark stripe down the back and it has a black face and two pale stripes beneath the eyes. As it grows older, it darkens while its face lightens, achieving adult colours at 10 months. In captivity, other group members may look after an infant, and other females may even suckle it. In one study, an orphaned infant was fed by two females in the group and also cared for by a male. Females reach sexual maturity at about 4 years, while the males reach it at 4-5 years. They have a life span of about 25 years.

Diet and predators
The Red-shanked Douc is diurnal and eats and sleeps in the trees of the forest. Its diet consists mostly of leaves high in fibers. Belonging to the subfamily Colobinae, or leaf-eating monkeys, it has a large stomach which is divided into sacs containing bacteria that breaks down the cellulose in the leaves through fermentation, giving the douc its pot-bellied look. This also makes it burp a lot from the resulting gas. It prefers to eat small, young and tender leaves, but will also eat fruit like figs, buds, petioles, flowers, bamboo shoots and seeds. It gets all the liquid and protein it needs from the food it eats and doesn't need to descend to the ground to drink. This monkey eats 50 different plant species but no animal prey. It is a messy and chaotic feeder, dropping much of its food onto the forest floor: old leaves, under-ripe or over-ripe fruits. It eats peacefully together, not quarreling over food, and has been known to share it with others. Often, it will share the same clump of foliage and may even break pieces off and hand them to each other, a type of active generosity that is rare among Old World monkeys. It does not have cheek pouches. This diet provides them with adequate protein and fluids.

The main predator of the Red-shanked Douc is humans. It is threatened throughout its limited range by habitat destruction and hunting. Native people hunt it for food and body parts, which are used in traditional medicine. There is also a very lucrative and illegal wildlife trade for the Red-shanked Douc. During the Vietnam War, the douc habitat was heavily bombed and sprayed with defoliants like Agent Orange. Soldiers also used them for target practice, it is said.

Endangered
The Red-shanked Douc is on the IUCN Red List of endangered species, and CITES I prohibits international trade. However, Vietnamese laws protecting the doucs have been difficult to enforce.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-shanked_Douc

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