Yellow-headed Amazon
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[Photo] Double Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix). Tame double yellow headed amazon parrot that was found loose in Mountain View California. Photo by David R. Ingham http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:David_R._Ingham

The Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix), also known as the Double Yellow-headed Amazon, etc., is an endangered amazon parrot of tropical America. It is a popular pet and an excellent talker.

Taxonomy
This species is part of a complex that also includes the Yellow-crowned Amazon (A. ochrocephala) and the Yellow-naped Amazon (A. auropalliata). The complex is considered one species by some authorities and divided in different ways by others???"a taxonomic headache". However, oratrix usually includes, and is often limited to, the populations of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and northern Honduras.

Description
The Yellow-headed Amazon averages 38???43 cm (15???17 in) long. The shape is typical of amazons, with a robust build, rounded wings, and a square tail. The body is bright green, with yellow on the head, dark scallops on the neck, red at the bend of the wing, and yellow thighs. The flight feathers are blackish to bluish violet with a red patch on the outer secondaries. The base of the tail also has a red patch, which is usually hidden. The outer tail feathers have yellowish tips.

The bill is horn-colored, darker in immatures of the Belizean and Honduran subspecies. The eye ring is whitish in Mexican birds and grayish in others. The most conspicuous geographical difference is the amount of yellow. In adults, the head and upper chest are yellow in the subspecies of the Tres Mar??as Islands in the Mexican state of Nayarit (tresmariae); just the head in the widespread subspecies of Mexico (oratrix); just the crown in Belize, Guatemala, and far northwestern Honduras (belizensis); and the crown and nape in the Sula Valley of Honduras (hondurensis, which thus resembles the Yellow-naped Parrot). Immatures have less yellow than adults; they attain adult plumage in 2 to 4 years.

The variety "Magna" (or "Magnum") is bred for more yellow and commands a premium price as a pet. Some "extreme" Magnas have as much yellow as Tres Mar??as birds, but are distinguished from them by heavier barring on the chest and a less bluish tint to the green plumage.

Wild birds give low-pitched, sometimes human-sounding screams, but often fly silently (unlike many other parrots). Howell and Webb render some calls as "a rolled kyaa-aa-aaah and krra-aah-aa-ow, a deep, rolled ahrrrr or ahrhrrrr," etc. Young birds make a "clucking" sound to indicate that they are hungry.

Range and habitat
This species lives in riparian forest and areas with scattered trees, as well as evergreen forest in Belize and mangroves in Guatemala. It occurs in ones and twos, in small groups, and occasionally in big flocks. The range formerly included both coastal slopes of Mexico from the Tres Mar??as Islands and Jalisco to Oaxaca and from Nuevo Le??n to northern Chiapas and southwestern Tabasco, as well as a disjunct area including most of Belize, and another comprising a small part of northeastern Guatemala and northwestern Honduras. However, their numbers have been reduced drastically???by 90 percent, to 7,000, from the mid 1970s to 1994, and by 68 percent from 1994 to 2004???because of capture for the pet trade and habitat destruction.

Conservation status
The Yellow-headed Amazon is on the CITES list Appendix I, which by international treaty, has made export, import and trade of wild-caught Yellow-headed Amazons illegal and the trade in birds bred in aviculture subject to controls in most of the world. Captive-bred Yellow-headed Amazons can be sold and owned legally subject to checks and regulations. Generally, throughout the world, sale of Appendix I species bred in aviculture must be accompanied with official certification which is provided by the breeder, and they must have a closed ring on one leg.

The popularity of Yellow-headed Amazons as a pet continues to fuel poaching efforts, which have nearly driven it to extinction in the wild. Their wild population has declined from 70,000 to 7,000 in the past two decades alone. An estimated 90% of poached Yellow-headed Amazons die before they are sold. Yellow-headed Parrots nest in holes in tree trunks or fallen branches. Poachers usually hack at the nest site with a machete to steal parrots, which is especially destructive because habitat is lost at the same time that the wild parrot population is reduced.

Qualities as pets
Albeit it is only lawful to keep captive-bred Yellow-headed Amazons, these are widely available (if somewhat expensive) and their personalities make them highly desirable pets; they have been kept as such for centuries because they are among the parrots that "talk" best. Their vocal abilities are generally considered to be bested only by the African Grey Parrot and matched by similar species such as the Yellow-naped Parrot. They are also considered loud, active, intelligent, funny, and willful. They like to test their owners and to attract the attention of visitors.

As in most amazons, nervous plucking of plumage is rare among this species. A generally recognized disadvantage of the Yellow-headed Amazon and its close relatives (such as the Yellow-naped Amazon) is hormonal aggressiveness, most notable among males in the breeding season. It is a member of the "Hot Three", along with the Yellow-Naped and Blue Front.

Trivia
The origin of the common epithet "Double Yellow-headed" is obscure but, when excited, this species raises its neck and crown feathers, making the head seem to double in size. Double Yellow-Headed could reference the two values of yellow feathers present on the head; one is slightly paler than the other. The head's yellow feathered area extends with age to cover the entire head down to the neck. New feathers present in a deeper yellow. This range of color could be represented by RGB: 255, 255, 102 gradient to RGB: 255, 255, 10.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-headed_Amazon

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