Anchisaurus
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[Photo] Anchisaurus polyzelus. Taken from the Early Image Website (www.copyrightexpired.com) "A sampling of my collection of Prehistoric Animal images published prior to 1923."

Fossil range: Early Jurassic

Anchisaurus (from Greek agkhi <anchi-; "near, close" + Greek sauros; "lizard", probably referring to Marsh's interpretation of it as intermediate between more primitive dinosaurs [at the time Palaeosaurus was an example of what was thought to be a primitive dinosaur] and more derived dinosaurs) is a genus of prosauropod dinosaur. The name Anchisaurus was coined as a replacement name for Amphisaurus, which was a replacement name for Hitchcock's Megadactylus, both of which had already been used for other animals.

Discovery
The first discovery of Anchisaurus remains was made before anything was known about dinosaurs and it was probably the first dinosaur discovery in North America. When, in 1818, some large bones were discovered in Connecticut, USA, it was assumed that they were of human origin. Gradually, as a result of further finds in Massachusetts, the number of these bones began to accumulate and, by 1855, they were at least recognised as reptilian. Hitchcock collected these bones under the name Megadactylus in 1865. Unfotunately, the name was in use, and the famous paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh renamed it Anchisaurus in 1885. Remains thought to belong to this genus were found in South Africa and China, adding to the theory that these land masses were at the time joined in one super-continent, Pangaea, but these assignments have been contentious (Gyposaurus). A recovery from Nova Scotia may also be an Anchisaurus but this is unconfirmed.

Today, parts of Anchisaurus' skeleton are still missing. Reconstructions usually assume that the tail and neck were prosauropod-like. Recent analyses, however, put Anchisaurus firmly at the base of the Sauropoda, making it the most basal known sauropod.

Description
In order to have been mistaken for human bones, one would expect Anchisaurus to have been a rather small dinosaur and, with a length of just over 2 metres, indeed it was. It probably weighed around 27 kg. However, Marsh's species A. major (also known as Ammosaurus) was larger, from 2.5 m up to 4 m and some estimates give it a weight of up to 70 kg. All species of Anchisaurus lived during the Early Jurassic Period; more specifically, the Pliensbachian to Toarcian ages, 200 to 188 million years ago.

Digesting plant matter is a much more intensive biochemical process than digesting meat, so herbivorous dinosaurs needed a huge gut. Since this had to be positioned in front of the pelvis, balancing on two legs became increasingly difficult, as dinosaurs became larger and they gradually evolved into the quadrupedal position that characterises the later sauropods such as Diplodocus. Prosauropods, then, represented a middle phase between the earliest bipedal herbivores and the later giant sauropods. Anchisaurus was typical of this group that flourished briefly during the late Triassic and Jurassic. It would have spent most of its time on four legs but could have reared up on its hind legs to reach higher plants.

On the other hand, some paleontologists believe Anchisaurus may also have eaten meat, as it was in the transition between these two ultimately distinct groups. The teeth were blunt but with file-like edges, suggesting mostly plant matter was eaten and the jaw hinge was arranged in a way not entirely suited for tearing meat. Nevertheless, there is still some debate. The thumb had a large claw and the large eyes were not entirely on the side (as would be expected in an animal of a natural prey species).

As a quadrupedal/bipedal crossover, Anchisaurus had to have multi-purpose front legs. As 'hands', they could be turned inwards and be used for grasping. It had a simple reversible first 'finger', similar to a 'thumb'. As feet, the five toes could be placed flat against the floor and were strong at the ankle. This unspecialised design is typical of the early dinosaurs.

Classification
Due to its primitive appearance, Anchisaurus was previously classified as a prosauropod, themselves considered ancestral to the sauropods. Recent investigations show that Prosauropoda forms a monophyletic sister-group to Sauropoda and that Anchisaurus is instead is a very basal sauropod.

Marsh was originally happy with Hitchcock's name Megadactylus but this name was already taken. Therefore, he renamed it Amphisaurus in 1882. However, this name was also already in use and therefore, it became Anchisaurus in 1885.

The type species is Hitchcock's A. polyzelus. Marsh's A. major ("greater near lizard") is still often considered a valid species (as Ammosaurus) but his A. colurus (1891), once known as Yaleosaurus (von Huene, 1932), is now generally accepted as a female A. polyzelus, and his A. solus of 1892 is now reclassified as Ammosaurus major. However, Ammosaurus major itself may well be a synonym of A. polyzelus.

Broom named Gyposaurus capensis in 1911, from the bones discovered in South Africa but Peter Galton officially renamed it A. capensis in 1976. This species has since been reclassified again and is probably a juvenile of Massospondylus carinatus. G. sinensis was also referred here, but appears to be a distinct animal. Other specimens are still awaiting reclassification. This confusion is typical of the first dinosaurs to be discovered, when classification was not considered as important and precise a process as today.

In popular culture
An Anchisaurus was attacked by a pack of Megapnosaurus in When Dinosaurs Roamed America and finally killed by a Dilophosaurus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchisaurus

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